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(, ڻ: þ Ϲ (1918-1922), 2009, 88
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hoi Jae-hyung: The Anti-Japanese Independence Activist You Must Know] The Birth of the Shanghai Provisional Government in April 1919
Moon Young-sook, Chairperson of the Choi Jae-hyung Memorial Association
Only Yi Dong-hwi participated.
Choi Jae-hyung, Moon Chang-bum, and others did not participate.
Following the Battle of Nihang (Nikolayevsk Incident), Choi Jae-hyung was imprisoned during the Japanese April Offensive.
As provisional governments were formed in various regions, movements emerged to integrate them. The Korean National Council (Daehan Gukmin Uihwe) argued that the unified provisional government should be established in Jiandao (Gando) or the Maritime Province (Yeonhaiju), where many Koreans resided and conditions were favorable for conducting a war of independence. However, the Provisional Government in Shanghai argued for Shanghai, citing that the Japanese military was advancing into Siberia. They emphasized that Shanghai, with its numerous concessions of Western powers, was beyond the reach of Japanese influence and thus advantageous for diplomatic activities. Although a complete integration between the Korean National Council and the Shanghai Provisional Government was not realized, the authority and representativeness of the Shanghai Provisional Government were significantly strengthened when Yi Dong-hwi from the Korean National Council took office as Prime Minister.
Following multiple rounds of discussions, it was decided that the unified government would be located in Shanghai, named the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, and would succeed the legitimacy of the Hanseong Government. Consequently, the first republican government in Korean history was established, with Syngman Rhee as President and Yi Dong-hwi as Prime Minister.
Around this time, the White Army—the military forces of the Russian Romanov dynasty—was defeated after clashing with the Bolshevik revolutionary Red Army along the Volga River. The White Army began to crumble. Denikin's forces, which had exerted great power in southwestern Russia, suffered a major defeat in the latter half of 1919. This tide spread all the way to Siberia. Kolchaks Siberian government surrendered Omsk to the Soviet Red Army on November 14, 1919. Kolchak's troops retreated to Irkutsk, and the White Army gradually lost its footing.
On January 31, 1920, the White Army regime in Vladivostok collapsed completely. The Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, and the Socialist Revolutionary Party formed a coalition to establish the Provisional Government of the Maritime Province. Subsequently, a Military Soviet headed by Sergei Lazo was organized. Actual power in Vladivostok shifted to the Bolsheviks. Sergei Georgiyevich Lazo was conscripted into the army in 1916 and graduated from the Alexei Military Academy in Moscow. He became an officer in December 1916 and was stationed in Krasnoyarsk. At the time, Lazo conducted Left Socialist-Revolutionary work among the soldiers. He joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in early 1918 and became a commander on the Transbaikal front. From the spring of 1919, he commanded partisan units in the Maritime Province, and in December of that year, he became the commander of the Military Revolutionary Command of the Maritime Province. (Yoon Sang-won, Doctoral Dissertation: A Study on the Anti-Japanese Armed Struggle of Koreans in the Russian Region (1918-1922), 2009, p. 88)
Subsequently, Korean and Red Army revolutionary forces faced the "April Disaster" (April Massacre), for which the Battle of Nihang was a major catalyst. Right after the Russian Revolution, a bloody civil war erupted between the Bolshevik Red Army and the anti-Bolshevik White Army, alongside foreign interventionist forces. Japan, which had landed warships at the port of Vladivostok in early 1918 under the pretext of protecting its citizens in Russia, revealed its ambitions toward the Far East region by supporting the anti-Bolshevik White Army that opposed Lenin's Bolsheviks. At this time, Korean armed partisans active in the border regions of Manchuria, Russia, and Korea aligned with Russian partisan units to wage guerrilla warfare against the Japanese and White Army forces.
On March 5, 1920, a major event occurred in the port of Nikolayevsk (Nihang), northeast of Khabarovsk, where the Japanese military suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of a Russian partisan unit that included Koreans.
This incident provided an excellent pretext for Japanese hardliners seeking to seize control of Siberia. On March 31, 1920, the Japanese government issued a statement declaring that "threats to the lives and property of Japanese subjects" and "threats to Manchuria and Korea" remained imminent. Prior to this, in March 1920, Japan had already issued a secret order to launch an all-out attack on the Red Army partisan units in Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, and other cities across the Maritime Province. This target also included Korean units and the Korean community.
During the night of April 4, 1920, Major General Murada, the commander of Japanese forces stationed in Vladivostok, carried out the disarmament of the revolutionary forces in Vladivostok under instructions from General Taisho. At dawn on April 5, the military commander ordered the 13th and 14th Division Commanders, as well as the commander of the Southern Ussuri Detachment, to disarm the revolutionary forces in their respective areas. Furthermore, they launched a general offensive centered around the Ussuri railway.
The Japanese military launched relentless attacks on Vladivostok starting from the night of April 4, on Ussuriysk from April 5 to 6, and on Spassk until April 8. Japanese troops raided Korean villages, locking residents inside to prevent escape before setting the buildings on fire.
Meanwhile, Choi Jae-hyung hurriedly visited his family's home in Ussuriysk. However, a Japanese spy named Kito had already surrounded the house. Seeing his sudden return, Choi's family urged him to flee immediately. However, anticipating the hardships and suffering his family would face if he escaped, Choi rejected their desperate pleas and allowed himself to be captured by the Japanese military. A total of 76 people were arrested alongside Choi Jae-hyung. While 72 of them were eventually released, four individuals—Choi Jae-hyung, Kim Yi-jik, Hwang Kapiton, and Eom Ju-pil—were kept imprisoned.
References:
Choi Jae-hyung: The Godfather of the Korean Independence Movement in Siberia by Park Hwan
Independence Activist Choi Jae-hyung by Moon Young-sook
A Study on the Anti-Japanese Armed Struggle of Koreans in the Russian Region (1918-1922) (Doctoral Dissertation) by Yoon Sang-won
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